create new github repository
Walaupun telah terdapat informasi bagaimana folder lokal dapat disimpan pada suatu repo di GitHub [1], akan tetapi kadang masih membingunkan bila belum terbiasa. Tulisan ini mencoba merekam langkah-langkah yang dilakukan untuk mencapai hal tersebut dengan menggunakan Windows PowerShell (PS) dan Git Bash, serta akses ke situs GitHub. Selain itu terdapat pula langkah tambahan untuk menambahkan submodule [2] dan menghapusnya [3], yang belum tentu diperlukan.
local folder#
- Pada ujung kiri taskbar Windows 10 atau ujung kanan bawah layar, pilihlah ikon Start.
- Gulung ke bawah dan pilih ‘Windows PowerShell’.
- Pilih aplikasi ‘Windows PowerShell’ sehingga muncul jendela dengan judul Windows PowerShell.
Windows PowerShell
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Try the new cross-platform PowerShell https://aka.ms/pscore6
PS C:\Users\Your Name>
- Ubah drive dan direktori ke tempat terdapat folder GitHub berada, misalnya
L:\home.
PS C:\Users\Your Name> L:
PS L:\> cd home
PS L:\home>
- Buat direktori
cookbook
PS L:\home> mkdir cookbook
Directory: L:\home
Mode LastWriteTime Length Name
---- ------------- ------ ----
d----- 2022-03-25 10:45 cookbook
PS L:\home>
- Masuk ke direktori
cookbook.
PS L:\home> cd cookbook
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Dengan demikian folder baru cookbook telah dibuat, yang akan menjadi folder lokal dari suatu repositori di GitHub.
new remote repository#
- Sign in ke GitHub dengan membuka https://github.com/login.
- Buat repositori baru dengan memilih ikon ‘+’ di kanan atas halaman dan pilih ‘New repository’, atau langsung ke https://github.com/new.
- Isikan pada Repository name dengan nama
cookbook. - Biarkan opsi ‘Public’.
- Tekan tombol berwarna hijau di bagian bawah ‘Create repository’.
- Lihat repositori cookbook di https://github.com/dudung/coobook.
new local repository#
Inisialiasi folder cookbook sebagai suatu repositori lokal.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git init
Initialized empty Git repository in L:/home/cookbook/.git/
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Buat suatu berkas README.md, lihat isinya, serta tampillkan isi folder.
PS L:\home\cookbook> echo "# cookbook" >> README.md
PS L:\home\cookbook> cat README.md
# cookbook
PS L:\home\cookbook> ls
Directory: L:\home\cookbook
Mode LastWriteTime Length Name
---- ------------- ------ ----
-a---- 2022-03-25 20:21 26 README.md
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Tambahkan berkas README.md ke repositori lokal.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git add README.md
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Lakukan commit untuk berkas yang baru saja dibuat tersebut.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git commit -a -m "Initial commit with README.md"
[master (root-commit) 1b5f7a1] Initial commit with README.md
1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 README.md
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Sunting berkas README.md dengan suatu aplikasi sehingga baris pertamanya menjadi # a cookbook dan lihat hasilnya pada PS.
PS L:\home\cookbook> cat README.md
# a cookbook
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Lakukan lagi commit untuk modifikasi yang baru saja dilakukan.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git commit -a -m "Edit README.md"
[master 93c00f1] Edit README.md
1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Langkah terakhir ini selalu dilakukan bila suatu berkas dalam repositori lokal diubah.
Selanjutnya adalah menambahkan informasi untuk asal dari repositor remote yang diawali dengan memeriksanya dulu.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git remote -v
PS L:\home\cookbook> git remote add origin https://github.com/dudung/cookbook.git
PS L:\home\cookbook> git remote -v
origin https://github.com/dudung/cookbook.git (fetch)
origin https://github.com/dudung/cookbook.git (push)
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Push perubahan-perubahan lokal yang telah dilakukan ke repositori remote.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git push origin master
Enumerating objects: 6, done.
Counting objects: 100% (6/6), done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 475 bytes | 79.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
To https://github.com/dudung/cookbook.git
* [new branch] master -> master
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Ubah berkas di https://github.com/dudung/cookbook/blob/master/README.md dan lakukan pull untuk memperbarui repositori lokal.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git pull origin master
From https://github.com/dudung/cookbook
* branch master -> FETCH_HEAD
Updating 93c00f1..3a4d1c4
Fast-forward
README.md | Bin 30 -> 13 bytes
1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Opsi pada perintah push dan pull dapat ditiadakan dengan sekali menggunakan
PS L:\home\cookbook> git push --set-upstream origin master
sehingga selajutnya hanya
PS L:\home\cookbook> git push
dan
PS L:\home\cookbook> git pull
yang lebih pendek. Ubah kembali berkas README.md pada repositor lokal.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git commit -a -m "Add words to README.md"
[master f65471c] Add words to README.md
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
PS L:\home\cookbook> git push --set-upstream origin master
Enumerating objects: 5, done.
Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 278 bytes | 92.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
To https://github.com/dudung/cookbook.git
3a4d1c4..f65471c master -> master
branch 'master' set up to track 'origin/master'.
Ubah lagi berkas tersebut di repositori remote.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git pull
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), 647 bytes | 1024 bytes/s, done.
From https://github.com/dudung/cookbook
f65471c..751cd0f master -> origin/master
Updating f65471c..751cd0f
Fast-forward
README.md | 3 ++-
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
PS L:\home\cookbook> cat README.md
# cookbook
A cookbook for me as beginner
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Dapat terlihat bahwa tidak lagi diperlukan opsi pada perintah push dan pull.
submodule#
Di sini diasumsikan telah terdapat suatu repository remote dengan nama python di https://github.com/dudung/python yang akan dijadikan submodule dari repositori cookbook. Pada repositori remote python tersebut telah ada berkas README.md, LICENSE dengan MIT License, dan .gitignore dengan templat Python.
create submodule#
Tambahkan submodule python dengan folder tujuan python yang merupakan opsi paling belakang dan dapat diganti.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git submodule add https://github.com/dudung/python.git python
Cloning into 'L:/home/cookbook/python'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
remote: Total 5 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (5/5), done.
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in .gitmodules.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory
PS L:\home\cookbook> git submodule init
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Isi keseluruhan dari folder cookbook telah berubah.
PS L:\home\cookbook> dir -r
Directory: L:\home\cookbook
Mode LastWriteTime Length Name
---- ------------- ------ ----
d----- 2022-03-26 05:43 python
-a---- 2022-03-26 05:43 80 .gitmodules
-a---- 2022-03-25 21:59 43 README.md
Directory: L:\home\cookbook\python
Mode LastWriteTime Length Name
---- ------------- ------ ----
-a---- 2022-03-26 05:43 1928 .gitignore
-a---- 2022-03-26 05:43 1094 LICENSE
-a---- 2022-03-26 05:43 29 README.md
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Dan telah terdapat perubahan.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git status
On branch master
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
Changes to be committed:
(use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
new file: .gitmodules
new file: python
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Lakukan kembali commit dan push ke repositori remote.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git commit -a -m "Add python submodule"
[master b13e522] Add python submodule
2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 .gitmodules
create mode 160000 python
PS L:\home\cookbook> git push
Enumerating objects: 4, done.
Counting objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 381 bytes | 127.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
To https://github.com/dudung/cookbook.git
be115ad..b13e522 master -> master
PS L:\home\cookbook>
update submodule#
Pada halaman https://github.com/dudung/cookbook telah terdapat folder python @ e70da50 yang merujuk ke suatu perubahan pada https://github.com/dudung/python.
Sekarang repsitori remote https://github.com/dudung/python diubah dengan menambahkan folder hello dan di dalamnya terdapat berkas hello_world.py. Sementara pada folder lokal kedua item ini belum terdapat.
PS L:\home\cookbook> dir python -r
Directory: L:\home\cookbook\python
Mode LastWriteTime Length Name
---- ------------- ------ ----
-a---- 2022-03-26 05:43 1928 .gitignore
-a---- 2022-03-26 05:43 1094 LICENSE
-a---- 2022-03-26 05:43 29 README.md
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Untuk itu submodule python perlu diperbarui.
PS L:\home> cd cookbook
PS L:\home\cookbook> cd python
PS L:\home\cookbook\python> git pull
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 4 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), 716 bytes | 2.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://github.com/dudung/python
e70da50..1ae3048 main -> origin/main
Updating e70da50..1ae3048
Fast-forward
hello/hello_world.py | 1 +
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 hello/hello_world.py
PS L:\home\cookbook\python> cd ..
PS L:\home\cookbook\python>
Langkah di atas agak sedikit berbeda seperti yang disarankan [4]. Kemudian lihat kembali hasilnya.
PS L:\home\cookbook> dir python -r
Directory: L:\home\cookbook\python
Mode LastWriteTime Length Name
---- ------------- ------ ----
d----- 2022-03-26 06:26 hello
-a---- 2022-03-26 05:43 1928 .gitignore
-a---- 2022-03-26 05:43 1094 LICENSE
-a---- 2022-03-26 05:43 29 README.md
Directory: L:\home\cookbook\python\hello
Mode LastWriteTime Length Name
---- ------------- ------ ----
-a---- 2022-03-26 06:26 24 hello_world.py
PS L:\home\cookbook> tree
Folder PATH listing for volume Linux
Volume serial number is DC0D-53EE
L:.
└───python
└───hello
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Telah terdapat tambahan folder hello dan berkas hello_python di dalamnya, sesuai dengan keadaan terkini. Lakukan commit untuk perbaruan ini.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git commit -a -m "Fetch upstream of python submodule"
[master fd49c8b] Fetch upstream of python submodule
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
PS L:\home\cookbook> git push
Enumerating objects: 3, done.
Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (2/2), 253 bytes | 126.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 2 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (1/1), completed with 1 local object.
To https://github.com/dudung/cookbook.git
34f0fea..fd49c8b master -> master
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Repositori remote https://github.com/dudung/cookbook telah memiliki folder python @ 1ae3048 yang terkini.
Perbarui lagi repositori remote https://github.com/dudung/python dan tanpa masuk ke foder lokal python perintah pull pun dapat dilakukan [4].
PS L:\home\cookbook> git submodule foreach git pull
Entering 'python'
Updating 1ae3048..61731ff
Fast-forward
hello/hello_world.py | 2 ++
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
PS L:\home\cookbook> git commit -a -m "Fetch upstreams for all submodules"
[master 12a533a] Fetch upstreams for all submodules
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
PS L:\home\cookbook> git push
Enumerating objects: 3, done.
Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (2/2), 250 bytes | 83.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 2 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (1/1), completed with 1 local object.
To https://github.com/dudung/cookbook.git
fd49c8b..12a533a master -> master
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Versi terkini folder python @ 61731ff telah terdapat di https://github.com/dudung/cookbook.
many submodules#
Pemanfaatan foreach belum terasa pada contoh sebelumnya.
PS L:\home\cookbook> git submodule foreach git pull
Entering 'bash'
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 4 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), 727 bytes | 3.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://github.com/dudung/bash
589f86c..31ffa2a main -> origin/main
Updating 589f86c..31ffa2a
Fast-forward
hello/hello_world.sh | 2 ++
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 hello/hello_world.sh
Entering 'basic'
Already up to date.
Entering 'cpp'
Already up to date.
Entering 'css'
Already up to date.
Entering 'fortran'
Already up to date.
Entering 'go'
Already up to date.
Entering 'java'
Already up to date.
Entering 'js'
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 4 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), 721 bytes | 4.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://github.com/dudung/js
4da88b6..d8d4059 main -> origin/main
Updating 4da88b6..d8d4059
Fast-forward
hello/hello_world.js | 1 +
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 hello/hello_world.js
Entering 'json'
Already up to date.
Entering 'lisp'
Already up to date.
Entering 'node.js'
Already up to date.
Entering 'pascal'
Already up to date.
Entering 'perl'
Already up to date.
Entering 'php'
Already up to date.
Entering 'python'
remote: Enumerating objects: 7, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (7/7), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 4 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), 707 bytes | 11.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://github.com/dudung/python
61731ff..c50451d main -> origin/main
Updating 61731ff..c50451d
Fast-forward
hello/hello_world.py | 2 --
1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)
Entering 'r'
Already up to date.
Entering 'svg'
Already up to date.
Entering 'tex'
Already up to date.
PS L:\home\cookbook>
Pada contoh di atas ke-18 folder diperiksa repositori remotenya dan dilakukan pull bila terdapat perubahan yang belum ada pada repositori lokal terkait.
Terdapat temuan yang menarik bahwa git init tidak diperlukan lagi bila telah dilakukan git submodule add. Dari repositori-repositori di atas hanya folder python yang menggunakan git init. Walaupun belum mendapatkan rujukan mengenai hal ini, tetapi diduga saat penambahan submodule, inisialisasi sebagai suatu repositori lokal pun telah dilakukan secara implisit.
exer#
- Bagaimana cara memeriksa apakah repositor lokal telah tertaut dengan suatu repositori remote di GitHub?
notes#
- Ahmed Ashour, gronostaj, “Answer to ‘Bring a local folder to remote git repo’”, Super User, 7 Mar 2019, 11 Jan 2021, url https://superuser.com/a/1412081/1005329 [20220325].
- Schkn, “How To Add and Update Git Submodules”, devconnected, 19 Dec 2019, url https://devconnected.com/how-to-add-and-update-git-submodules/ [20220326].
- CodeWizard, “Answer to ‘What is the current way to remove a git submodule?’”, Stack Overflow, 24 Apr 2015, url https://stackoverflow.com/a/29850245/9475509 [20220326].
- Daniel Andrei Mincă, Peter Mortensen, “Answer to ‘Update Git submodule to latest commit on origin’”, Stack Overflow, 17 Aug 2017, 16 Jun 2019, url https://stackoverflow.com/a/45744725/9475509 [20220326].